NOTE: This is valid only for games with default planet settings.

Resource Production Table
 
Planet
Class		 Colonists per Unit Optimal Num of Col Planet Maximum
Fuel  Org Equ Fuel  Org Equ Fuel  Org Equ
[M] 3 7 13 15K 15K 15K 100K 100K 100K
[K] 2 100 500 20K 20K 20K 200K 50K 10K
[O] 20 2 100 100K 100K 100K 100K 1M 50K
[L] 2 5 20 20K 20K 20K 200K 200K 100K
[C] 50 100 500 50K 50K 50K 20K 50K 10K
[H] 1 N/A 500 50K N/A 50K 1M 10K 100K
[U] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10K 10K 10K

Exceeding the optimal amount of colonists decreases resource production.

 
Fighter Production Table
 
Planet
Class		 Colonists per Unit Optimal Num of Col Max Fig per Day
Fuel  Org Equ Fuel  Org Equ Fuel  Org Equ
[M] 30 70 130 15K 15K 15K 500 214 115
[K] 60 3000 5000 20K 20K 20K 333 7 1
[O] 300 30 1500 100K 100K 100K 333 3333 67
[L] 24 60 240 20K 20K 20K 833 333 83
[C] 750 60 240 50K 50K 50K 67 833 208
[H] 50 N/A 25000 50K N/A 50K 1000 N/A 2
[U] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Exceeding the optimal amount of colonists decreases fighter production.

Colonist reproduction rate:

Colonists reproduce at rate from a fraction of a percent per day to a few percent per day which varies randomly much like fighter and shield prices.

Colonist death rate:

Planet Type (Habitability, Natural disaster severity)
Earth (100, 1)
Desert (98, 2)
Oceanic (98, 2)
Mountain (98,3)
Glacial (92, 5)
Volcanic (90, 7)
Vap/Gas (88, 8)

Thus, earth is (almost???) 100% safe.
A volcanic planet is safe 90% of the time (90% of days???) and when there is a natural disaster, it consumes (up to???) 7% of the inhabitants.